Accessed Oct. Questions and answers about gout. Kim SY, et al. Hyperuricemia and coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ohno, I. Relationship between hyperuricemia and chronic kidney disease.
Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids. Kanbay M, et al. Uric acid in hypertension and renal disease: The chicken or the egg?
Blood Purification. Hochberg J, et al. Tumor lysis syndrome: Current perspective. So A, et al. Hyperuricemia High Uric Acid. What Is Hyperuricemia? What Causes Hyperuricemia? Causes of High Uric Acide Levels: Primary hyperuricemia Increased production of uric acid from purine Your kidneys cannot get rid of the uric acid in your blood, resulting in high levels Secondary hyperuricemia Certain cancers, or chemotherapy agents may cause an increased turnover rate of cell death.
This is usually due to chemotherapy, but high uric acid levels can occur before chemotherapy is administered. After chemotherapy, there is often a rapid amount of cellular destruction, and tumor lysis syndrome may occur. You may be at risk for tumor lysis syndrome if you receive chemotherapy for certain types of leukemia, lymphoma, or multiple myeloma, if there is a large amount of disease present.
Kidney disease - this may cause you to not be able to clear the uric acid out of your system, thus causing hyperuricemia. Medications - can cause increased levels of uric acid in the blood Endocrine or metabolic conditions -certain forms of diabetes, or acidosis can cause hyperuricemia Elevated uric acid levels may produce kidney problems, or none at all.
People may live many years with elevated uric acid levels, and they do not develop gout or gouty arthritis arthritis means "joint inflammation". Symptoms of Hyperuricemia: You may not have any symptoms. If your blood uric acid levels are significantly elevated, and you are undergoing chemotherapy for leukemia or lymphoma, you may have symptoms kidney problems, or gouty arthritis from high uric acid levels in your blood. You may have fever, chills, fatigue if you have certain forms of cancer, and your uric acid levels are elevated caused by tumor lysis syndrome You may notice an inflammation of a joint called "gout" , if the uric acid crystals deposit in one of your joints.
You may have kidney problems caused by formation of kidney stones , or problems with urination Things You Can Do About Hyperuricemia: Make sure you tell your doctor, as well as all healthcare providers, about any other medications you are taking including over-the-counter, vitamins, or herbal remedies. Remind your doctor or healthcare provider if you have a history of diabetes, liver, kidney, or heart disease.
Follow your healthcare provider's instructions regarding lowering your blood uric acid level and treating your hyperuricemia. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List J Adv Res v. J Adv Res. Published online Mar Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.
Rashika El Ridi: ge. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Graphical abstract Uric acid, C 5 H 4 N 4 O 3 , 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8 3H -trione, molecular mass Da, is a product of the metabolic breakdown of purine nucleotides adenine and guanine. Open in a separate window. Abstract Uric acid is synthesized mainly in the liver, intestines and the vascular endothelium as the end product of an exogenous pool of purines, and endogenously from damaged, dying and dead cells, whereby nucleic acids, adenine and guanine, are degraded into uric acid.
Introduction Uric acid Fig. Endothelial function In contrast to studies documenting the ability of uric acid to impair vascular endothelial cells integrity [12] , a recent report indicated for the first time that extremely low levels of serum uric acid, attributed to loss-of-function mutations of SLC22A12 encoding blood vessels and kidney proximal tubular cells transporter, URAT1, cause endothelial dysfunction in vivo [13].
Potent mediator of type 2 immune responses Elevated concentration of uric acid was detected in the peritoneal cavity of mice following injection of the most widely used clinical adjuvant alum aluminum hydroxide [16] , [17]. Resistance to parasites The protective immune response against many helminth parasites is dependent on type 2 immune responses [23]. Defense against neurological and autoimmune diseases In support, plasma low uric acid levels, leading to decrease in antioxidant molecules, were evident in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Uric acid dread: Pathogenic potential of uric acid Gout Despite its documented protective potential, mentioning uric acid generates apprehension as it is the confirmed aetiological agent of the severe, acute and chronic inflammatory arthritis, gout. The alarming steps Recently, MSU crystals were identified as an endogenous danger signal formed after release of uric acid from dying cells. Renal disorders The kidneys play a major role in the regulation of serum uric acid levels as approximately one third and two-thirds of the uric acid produced in humans is eliminated by the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys, respectively.
The metabolic syndrome Metabolic syndrome is the name for a group of risk factors that raises the threat for heart disease and other health problems, such as diabetes and stroke. Cardiovascular diseases Hyperuricemia was shown to be implicated in development of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, via induction of growth factors, hormones, cytokines and autacoids [98] , [99] , [].
Insulin resistance and diabetes type 2 An elevated serum uric acid is also one of the best independent predictors of diabetes and commonly precedes the development of both insulin resistance and diabetes type 2, as it was discovered that one quarter of diabetes cases can be attributed to a high serum uric acid level and elevated serum uric acid levels were found to be closely associated with insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus type 2 [] , [].
Non-alcoholic fatty acid disease Numerous clinical and experimental reports have documented association between high serum uric acid levels and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NAFLD [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35].
Conclusions and future perspectives The contribution of uric acid to development and progress of gout and metabolic syndrome appears to be well-established. Conflict of interest The authors have declared no conflict of interest.
Compliance with Ethics Requirements This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects. Footnotes Peer review under responsibility of Cairo University. References 1. Chaudhary K. Uric Acid - key ingredient in the recipe for cardiorenal metabolic syndrome. Cardiorenal Med. Maiuolo J. Regulation of uric acid metabolism and excretion. Int J Cardiol. Chang B. Ancient insights into uric acid metabolism in primates.
Kratzer J. Evolutionary history and metabolic insights of ancient mammalian uricases. Ames B. Uric acid provides an antioxidant defense in humans against oxidant- and radical-caused aging and cancer: a hypothesis. Becker B. Towards the physiological function of uric acid. Free Radic Biol Med. Glantzounis G. Uric acid and oxidative stress. Curr Pharm Des. Sautin Y. Uric acid: the oxidant-antioxidant paradox.
Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucl Acids. Shi Y. Molecular identification of a danger signal that alerts the immune system to dying cells. Peden D.
Uric acid is a major antioxidant in human nasal airway secretions. Nasal secretion of the ozone scavenger uric acid. Am Rev Respir Dis. Oberbach A. A global proteome approach in uric acid stimulated human aortic endothelial cells revealed regulation of multiple major cellular pathways.
Sugihara S. Circ J. Iso T. Extremely low levels of serum uric acid are associated with endothelial dysfunction in humans. Nery R. Uric acid and tissue repair. Arq Bras Cir Dig. Kool M. Alum adjuvant boosts adaptive immunity by inducing uric acid and activating inflammatory dendritic cells. J Exp Med. An unexpected role for uric acid as an inducer of T helper 2 cell immunity to inhaled antigens and inflammatory mediator of allergic asthma.
Hara K. Airway uric acid is a sensor of inhaled protease allergens and initiates type 2 immune responses in respiratory mucosa. J Immunol. Gold M.
Mucosal production of uric acid by airway epithelial cells contributes to particulate matter-induced allergic sensitization. Mucosal Immunol. Willart M. Meth Mol Biol. Lambrecht B. Allergens and the airway epithelium response: gateway to allergic sensitization. J Allergy Clin Immunol. Hammad H. Barrier epithelial cells and the control of type 2 immunity. Anthony R. Protective immune mechanisms in helminth infecton.
Nat Rev Immunol. El Ridi R. Vaccine-induced protection against murine schistosomiasis mansoni with larval excretory-secretory antigens and papain or type-2 cytokines. J Parasitol. Cysteine peptidases as schistosomiasis vaccines with inbuilt adjuvanticity. PLoS One. Induction of protective immune responses against schistosomiasis using functionally active cysteine peptidases.
Front Genet. Tallima H. Induction of protective immune responses against Schistosomiasis haematobium in hamsters and mice using cysteine peptidase-based vaccine. Front Immunol. Abdel Aziz N. Papain-based vaccination modulates Schistosoma mansoni infection-induced cytokine signals. Scand J Immunol. Kono H. Uric acid promotes an acute inflammatory response to sterile cell death in mice.
J Clin Invest. Ghaemi-Oskouie F. DO NOT stop or change your medicines without talking to your provider first. Why the Test is Performed. Normal values range between 3. What Abnormal Results Mean. Greater-than-normal levels of uric acid hyperuricemia may be due to: Acidosis Alcoholism Chemotherapy-related side effects Dehydration, often due to diuretic medicines Diabetes Excessive exercise Hypoparathyroidism Lead poisoning Leukemia Medullary cystic kidney disease Polycythemia vera Purine-rich diet Renal failure Toxemia of pregnancy Lower-than-normal levels of uric acid may be due to: Fanconi syndrome Hereditary diseases of metabolism HIV infection Liver disease Low purine diet Medicines such as fenofibrate, losartan, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone SIADH secretion Other reasons this test may be performed include: Chronic kidney disease Gout Injury of the kidney and ureter Kidney stones nephrolithiasis.
Alternative Names. Gout - uric acid in blood; Hyperuricemia - uric acid in blood. Blood test Uric acid crystals. Gout Read more. Kidney Stones Read more. Kidney Tests Read more.
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